Memorial of Saint Scholastica, Virgin

Option to use readings for the Monday of the Fifth Week in Ordinary Time
Readings: Genesis 1:1-19; Psalm 104:1-2.5-6.10.12.24.35; Mark 6:53-56

Whenever I read the first creation account from Genesis 1, I am struck by two things. First, I am struck by the beauty of the poetry, which translates well into English. Given that, even as a Catholic, albeit a convert who grew up reading it exclusively, I think the King James Version brings this out best.

Secondly, I am struck by the evolutionary structure of this poem about creation. In it we hear of life evolving from its simplest to its most complex form, culminating in the creation of human beings, an event that happens beyond the end of our first reading.

The second creation account, which begins with the fourth verse of Genesis 2, is more primitive. According to “the Documentary Hypothesis” widely accepted by Old Testament scholars, the first five books of the Bible, that Christians call the Pentateuch, are a synthesis or, in more scholarly language, a redaction, of four distinct sources. This redaction, scholars posit, was likely carried out during reigns of David and Solomon around BC 1000.

The four sources are designated J, P, E, & D. These are the first letters of Jahwist, Priestly, Elohist, and Deuteronomic respectively. According to this hypothesis, the first creation narrative is P and the second is J. Given the stark contrast between the two, J would be the most opposite of P.

I think the poetry and precision of P account, the latter resulting in its evolutionary structure, give us some hint as to how faith and reason work together. Poetry represents beauty and evolutionary structure truth. Therefore, we have two of the three transcendentals: truth and beauty. Along with the good, the three transcendentals, while distinct, are inseparable and overlap in various ways.

In his seminal book, The Religious Sense, the Servant of God, Msgr. Luigi Giussani sought to show that

the nature of reason expresses itself in the ultimate need for truth, goodness, and beauty. These needs constitute the fabric of the religious sense, which is evident in every human being everywhere and in all times. So strong is this sense that it leads one to desire that the answer to life's mystery might reveal itself in some way (The Religious Sense, i)

Later in this book, Giussani notes that the human being is the point at which nature becomes conscious of itself (The Religious Sense, 25).

If human being is the point at which nature realizes itself, then Jesus Christ is the One in and through whom the human being realizes herself. As the Second Vatican Council’s Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World states it:

The truth is that only in the mystery of the incarnate Word does the mystery of man take on light. For Adam, the first man, was a figure of Him Who was to come, namely Christ the Lord. Christ, the final Adam, by the revelation of the mystery of the Father and His love, fully reveals man to man himself and makes his supreme calling clear (sec. 22)

In our Gospel, as Jesus and His disciples cross the Sea of Galilee, tying up at Gennesaret, we read that the people there “immediately recognized [Jesus]” (Mark 6:54). Their recognition caused them to bring all their sick to be healed by Him. Being healed certainly makes you feel more yourself.

While I don’t want to dismiss or dispute the reality of Jesus’ physical healings as set forth in this passage from Mark, I think it’s important to have some insight into their meaning, especially because those healed would still die someday. The meaning, I believe, is found in Mark 2, in the pericope of Jesus healing the paralyzed man.

Seeing the long line of people outside the house in which Jesus was performing physical healings, the man’s friends went up on the roof of the house. They somehow got the paralyzed man, who was on a stretcher, on the roof with them. They then lowered him down through the roof until he was right in front of Jesus.

Seeing the man, Jesus’ first words to him were “Child, your sins are forgiven.” Without a doubt, this caused dismay not only among the murmuring scribes, but the man and his friends. There was no empirical sign that anything was different. Knowing their thoughts, Jesus rebuked them. He then asked, “Which is easier, to say to the paralytic, ‘Your sins are forgiven,’ or to say, ‘Rise, pick up your mat and walk’?” He continued, “’But that you may know that the Son of Man has authority to forgive sins on earth’— he said to the paralytic, ‘I say to you, rise, pick up your mat, and go home.’” At which point, the man does just that (See Mark 2:1-12).

Jesus Christ doesn’t only reveal man to himself, He seeks to renew and restore, to revitalize, you by making you truly yourself- who God made and redeems you to be. In so doing, He renews nature by His goodness, restoring its truth and beauty as set forth in Genesis.

Saint Scholastica, who we venerate today, was the sister of Saint Benedict. Like him, she was a monastic. Cenobitic, or community-based, monasticism, of which Benedict and Scholastica are held to be the founders, is an intense way to live a fully human life, a Christlike life. Like Christ’s life, monastic life is eschatological, meaning it points beyond itself to the full realization of God’s kingdom. You, too, need to seek to be like Christ and to make Him present wherever you are. For where He is, there is the Kingdom, which is nature perfected by grace.

Call and response

Readings: Isa 6:1-2a.3-8; Ps 138:1-5.7-8; 1 Cor 15:1-11; Luke 5:1-11

Taken together, our readings for this Fifth Sunday of Ordinary Time in Year C of the Sunday cycle are about vocation, being called by God. Vocare is a Latin verb best translated as to call. Audire in Latin means "to hear" whereas obedire, from which derive the word "obedience," means to listen to, to heed, to hearken unto, if you want sound traditionally "biblical" in English.

To be realized, a call needs a response. You can hear something and not respond. At least in terms of Christian vocation, choosing not to respond is always a possibility. Forcing you to do His will goes against God's very nature. No vocation is inevitable.

In our first reading from Isaiah, the prophet's call is mystically and dramatically set forth. Note that the call is given in the form of two questions: "Whom shall I send? Who will go for us?" The response? "Here I am... send me!" In the NABRE translation, note the exclamation point at end of the response.

As this passage from Isaiah shows, prior to that, the one who responds is not worthy of the call. Hence the Christian cliche, "God doesn't call the qualified. He qualifies the called." As a wise mentor once said to me, "You're not worthy. Get over it."

In our reading from 1 Corinthians, in addition to containing what we can call the earliest known creed, Paul writes obliquely about his own call and response, including his own unworthiness to be called as an apostle. Now, keep in mind, an apostolos is one who is sent. Again, in Christian terms, it means one who is sent by Christ to bear witness to what s/he has seen and/or heard.

I write "s/he" because, for scriptural reasons, Saint Mary Magdalene is revered as "the apostle to the apostles." Paul felt he was unworthy of his call because, as we know from the Acts of the Apostles, he was a zealous persecutor of the Church. He even had blood on his hands.

Our Gospel is Jesus' call of his first followers. Apparently, Jesus had convinced Peter, James, and John to let him use their boat to teach the people. It seems equally as apparent that, according to the inspired author of Luke, these fishermen not only heard, but listened to Jesus' message. After teaching, Jesus told them to put out into the deep water, a command they obey. After protesting that they had fished all night and caught not a fish, these fisherman also acquiesced when he told them to lower their nets into the water.

Used under Creative Commons License courtesy of Gospel Images

After hauling in their massive "catch," Peter realized that this was no ordinary man, not even the extraordinary man to whose teaching they listened, but someone to be heeded, hearkened unto, followed. According to this inspired account, "they left everything and followed him." Peter follows the pattern of heeding the call despite his declared unworthiness.

While Catholics don't generally use these categories, when it comes to salvation, there are what might be characterized as three movements: redemption, justification, and sanctification. Simplistically, all are redeemed by Christ. All who accept the redemption he wrought are justified. Those who are justified are now being sanctified, made holy, becoming more and more like Christ. At root, this is the basic Christian vocation: to be made holy through cooperation with God's grace, using the ordinary means of grace to become more like Christ through the ordinary circumstances of your life.

My calling is to be a deacon. What does it mean for me to be a "better" deacon? Is it even possible? Because I am a deacon by ordination, I am a deacon by God's grace. So, this is God's doing, not mine. Hence, my call is a call to serve others.

Unsurprisingly, when I look at the late Cardinal Avery Dulles' Models of Church, I am most drawn to the servant model. Like justification theories and even Balthasar's eccelsiology, it isn't about picking the "best" model. The Church, the Body of Christ, is an irreducibly complex, multifaceted, reality. And so, each "model" has its place and the Church can't be reduced to one. This is also why ecclesia semper reformanda is perennial.

Elsewhere in Luke's Gospel, Jesus tells the Tweleve "I am among you as one who serves" (Luke 22:27). One who serves in Koine Greek is a diaknon. And so, translated literally, Jesus says, "I am among you as a deacon."

Diakonia is not only for deacons. The call to service is inherent being a Christian. As I have written before, just as there is a priesthood of the baptized, there is also a diaconate of the baptized. In his first encyclical letter Deus Caritas Est, Pope Benedict XVI insisted:

The Church's deepest nature is expressed in her three-fold responsibility: of proclaiming the word of God (kerygma-martyria), celebrating the sacraments (leitourgia), and exercising the ministry of charity (diakonia). These duties presuppose each other and are inseparable. For the Church, charity is not a kind of welfare activity which could equally well be left to others, but is a part of her nature, an indispensable expression of her very being (sec. 25a)

This call to be charitable, that is, the call to self-sacrificing service, is not subject to political changes or governmental whim. It is a call to serve the least among us, to care for those who are most vulnerable to oft-changing winds.

"'Cause in your dreams/The demon screams..."

It seems like Christmas and New Year's were eons ago. But celebrating the Presentation of the Lord in the Temple reminded me that last Sunday only marked 40 days since Christmas Day.

The past week has been calmer for me personally. I am grateful for that.

It's dawning on me now more that ever that I am really not very good at life. During my lectio yesterday morning, for which I am using Laurence Devillairs' The Philosophy Cure: Lessons on Living from the Philosophers, I contemplated matter of suffering.

I have to say, in my life most of the suffering I've endured is of my own making. And that in the big scheme of things, I have not suffered much. Nonetheless, whatever form it takes, suffering is, well, suffering. It's an unavoidable part of being human.

It has also become very clear that I have a hard time being light-hearted and just letting myself be free. It's as if I need a burden to carry, a worry to tarry. While I regret the self-absorption that depressive suffering sucks me into, I don't regret any compassion I've ever shown to anyone. Helping other people carry their burdens is something of a vocation for me. Though, these days, ministry doesn't afford much by way of this.

Something Saint Paul wrote in his Second Letter to the Corinthians has slowly become my favorite scripture passage:

Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of mercies and God of all comfort, who comforts us in all our affliction so that we will be able to comfort those who are in any affliction with the comfort with which we ourselves are comforted by God (1 Cor. 1:3-4, NASB)

It just so happens that this particular passage serves as the scriptural reading for Sunday, Evening Prayer II, Week I of the Psalter.

Here's what I wrote in response what I read yesterday- bear in mind these are just notes: "Suffering: a good topic for martyr's memorial [yesterday was the Memorial of St. Paul Miki & Companions, Martyrs]. Descartes philosophy was not disembodied. His whole philosophy is usually reduced to one Meditation [really, Part 1 of Meditation II in Meditations of First Philosophy]. Optimism is not hope. Hope is the cross. Optimism is denial or avoidance of the cross. God is not cruel. Hesed as lovingkindness."

Descartes' Meditation VI in his best know work, as DeVillairs reminded me, "contains another foundational experience of the self - one that is mediated by suffering." This resonates with me. I never feel more alone than when I am suffering. When suffering, I never feel more by myself and, hence, never feel more myself. Empathy helps me. I find some consolation in someone who was been through something akin to what I am experiencing sharing their own ordeal with me. Sympathy can be nice, too, as long as it doesn't become prescriptive and pietistic.

Here's what I wrote as a kind of resolution for the day yesterday: "Enjoy today- be lighthearted." Easy, right?

In reality, my life is good and I shouldn't complain, but sometimes I do. Sometimes I often complain. In his autobiography, G.K. Chesterton wrote: "I hope it is not pompous to call the chief idea of my life; I will not say the doctrine I have always taught, but the doctrine I should always have liked to teach. That is the idea of taking things with gratitude, and not taking things for granted."

So, this is not merely put on a happy face and pretend all is always well. How I feel isn't always up to me and it is, at least in part, constitutive of my person. Looking at the world through gray-tinted glases much of the time, I see a lot of beauty, a lot of grace in the grit of life. Sunflowers appearing in unexpected places is for me a miracle.

I also tend to take a lot for granted. This is especially true when it comes to people. There are people to whom I need pay far less heed and those who I need cherish and heed much more. As I spent time, years ago now, with my Dad as he lay dying on a gray, cold January day, he told me how he realized that there wasn't much in life that truly matters. It is, therefore, those things do matter that should be my focus.

Lately I have been on a Thompson Twins jag. Because it seems somewhat in tune with what I've written, "King For One Day" is our traditio for this first Friday of February:

I've heard it said
Or maybe read
Only money makes
The world go round

But all the gold
Won't heal your soul
If your world should
Tumble to the ground

Memorial of Saint Blaise

Readings: Romans 5:1-5; Psalm 117:1-2; Mark 16-15-20

Today we celebrate the Memorial of Saint Blaise. What stands out most about today is the blessing of throats. At least in the northern hemisphere, January and February are times when respiratory illnesses abound. This year is no exception.

Why are throats blessed on Saint Blaise’s day? Because the first known written reference to this fourth century Armenian bishop and martyr, which dates from the start of the sixth century, mentions his aid being sought for objects stuck in the throat. Another early mention of this bishop and martyr can be found in the chronicles of Marco Polo, which mentions that Blaise’s martyrdom. Based on the available evidence, it seems that during his lifetime, Saint Blaise was known as a healer.

Among Roman Catholics, it is customary to use candles blessed the previous day, which is Candlemas, to bless the throats of the faithful, on Saint Blaise’s Day. In doing so, we implore God for healing for those afflicted and for good health for those who are not.

Oddly, Saint Blaise was a very popular saint in Europe during the Middle Ages. This is likely due to the circulation of the Acts of Saint Blaise, written 400 years after his death. While there are likely kernels of truth concerning his life, much of it is legendary in nature.

Taking a cue from our reading from Romans, saints show us what it means to hope. Being a theological virtue, hope is a gift from God. If Saint Paul is to be believed, affliction is what brings hope into bold relief. Of course, affliction can also be the occasion of despair. It is important, therefore, not conflate hope and optimism. When you reach the end of optimism, either hope or despair are what remain.

As the apostle, writing from his own experience, insists: “affliction produces endurance, and endurance, proven character, and proven character, hope.” In the end, it is only hope that doesn’t disappoint. Learning to trust God is difficult because it requires you to entrust yourself entirely to Him come what may. This lesson is as old as the Book of Job, which is perhaps the earliest text found in the Bible. This is why the intercession of the martyrs is so efficacious.

Among the signs that the Lord says “will accompany those who believe,” is laying “hands on the sick,” so that “they will recover.” Of course, in addition to prayers and blessings, the Lord has given His Church the sacrament of anointing of the sick, which, along with penance, is a sacrament of healing.

Both these sacraments, as Jesus’ encounter with the lame man, whose friends lowered him down through roof, shows, the cure of souls takes precedence over the cure of our bodies. He commands the lame man to stand and walk only to show that He has the power to forgive sins (Mark 2:1-12).

This is shown, too, in the sacramental Rite of Anointing of the Sick when priest says, as he anoints the hands of the one receiving the sacrament: “May the Lord who frees you from sin save you and raise you up.” In terms of eternal life, because our bodies and souls form a unity, so do forgiveness of sin and bodily healing. Resurrection is the ultimate healing.

Saint Blaise, pray for us.

"Candlemas (A Song)" by John Henry Newman

Today, after the late Mass, my wife and I needed to do some grocery shopping. While we were at the store making our way down the isle, me pushing the cart, she said to me- "When we get back into the car, I am going to read to you." My response was something like, "Uh, okay."

After finishing our shopping and loading the groceries into the back of the vehicle, we got in and started to drive. As I turned out of the parking lot, she started: "'Candlemas,' by John Henry Newman..." It is poem written by the person most responsible for my conversion. I must admit that apart from "Lead Kindly Light" (a poem I have turned to often in troubled times) and "The Dream of Gerontius," I am not very familiar with Newman's poems. "Candlemas" was new to me.

As I listened, having just celebrated Candlemas, complete with the blessing and lighting of candles and a procession into the Church, the words of this poem landed very tenderly on my heart.

Without too much more ado, I want to share Cardinal Newman's poem to bring today's lovely Feast to a close:

Candlemas (A Song)

The Angel-lights of Christmas morn,
      Which shot across the sky,
Away they pass at Candlemas,
      They sparkle and they die.

Comfort of earth is brief at best,
      Although it be divine;
Like funeral lights for Christmas gone,
      Old Simeon’s tapers shine.

Simeon in the Temple, Rembrandt, 1669

And then for eight long weeks and more,
      We wait in twilight grey,
Till the high candle sheds a beam
      On Holy Saturday.

We wait along the penance-tide
      Of solemn fast and prayer;
While song is hush’d, and lights grow dim
      In the sin-laden air.

And while the sword in Mary’s soul
      Is driven home, we hide
In our own hearts, and count the wounds
      Of passion and of pride.

And still, though Candlemas be spent
      And Alleluias o’er,
Mary is music in our need,
      And Jesus light in store. (The Oratory 1849)

Candlemas: Feast of the Presentation of the Lord

Readings: Malachi 3:1-4; Psalm 24:7-10; Hebrews 2:14-18; Luke 2:22-20

For those of a more traditional mindset, 2 February marks the end of Christmas. The Feast of the Presentation of the Lord is such an important Feast that it takes precedence over what would otherwise be the Fourth Sunday in Ordinary Time. It's a special treat to celebrate this great feast on a Sunday.

Candlemas is another traditional term used to describe today's Feast. On this day, it is a traditional practice for the faithful to bring candles to Mass in order to have them blessed. Rather than stored, these blessed candles are to be used to bring light and warmth to our homes.

Christmas is the celebration of Jesus Christ as the Light of the world, that Light who enlightens everyone, the Light who shines in and is not overcome by the darkness, as the Gospel for Christmas, Mass During the Day, tells us (see John 1:5.9). Lighting candles blessed on Candlemas reminds us of this, reassures us about this, makes us joyful because our hope is Jesus Christ.

Mary and Joseph don't merely offer a couple of birds, which was the offering of the poor. Unbeknownst to anyone but Simeon and Anna, they offer the Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world. They offer the one who will do away with the need for Temple sacrifices. Considering the Lord in the Temple, let's not forget the tabernacle candle that perpetually burns in each Church, indicating the Lord's presence. The Lord is present there under the humble sign of bread, until He returns.

In this child both Anna and Simeon recognized not only their hope, not only the hope of Israel, but as Simeon's prayer, known by its Latin title, the Nunc Dimittis (the first two words), the hope of the world: "a light for revelation to the Gentiles, and glory for your people Israel" (Luke 2:32). This canticle is prayed each day as part of Night Prayer.

Jesus' Presentation in the Temple is the fourth Joyful Mystery of Our Lady's Rosary. Obedience is the fruit of this mystery.

This hope, as Simeon also intimated to Mary, would be realized through suffering. Such is often the case with true hope. This why hope should not be mistaken for optimism. Let's be honest, suffering makes obedience hard and beckons one to despair.

Quite often, when it comes to obedience, we want our reward. Thinking something like, "I've been good. God owes me." This is particularly true when it comes to matters with which you might struggle. Another thing to bear in mind, however, is that goodness is its own reward. Not to mention, to speak in worldly terms, it is quite often the case that no good deed goes unpunished.

We know that at the beginning of His passion Jesus asked the Father to spare Him this agony if it was in any way possible (see Luke 22:42). It is to this that our reading from the Letter to the Hebrews points. Therefore, as the inspired author states: "Because he himself was tested through what he suffered, he is able to help those who are being tested" (Hebrews 2:18). Despite His own expressed desire, Jesus was obedient to the will of the Father.

Who or what else might the pleasing sacrifice of Judah and Jerusalem, mentioned by Malachi, be other than Jesus, the Lord?

Jesus comes to His Temple as the infant child of a poor Galilean couple. As the introduction to this Feast found in the Roman Missal puts it:

Outwardly [Jesus] was fulfilling the Law,
but in reality he was coming to meet his believing people

At this point, in addition to (possibly) Mary and Joseph, His believing people are Anna and Simeon. The latter of whom was led to the Temple by the Spirit to see Him, the Christ, the Mashiach, the Messiah before dying. The former, a widow of many years, who spent her days in the Temple precincts praying, waiting, and hoping.

Seeing and recognizing the Lord is the fruit of obedience for Anna and Simeon. It is also the fruit of our obedience. As we ask in a petition from the Intercessions for Evening Prayer I of today's Feast: "lead all people to to recognize that you still come to them."

May you recognize the Lord as He presents Himself to you, May you see the Light in the darkness.

A take on immigration

Presently and for the past several years, immigration is a very concerning issue for many people in the United States. Sadly, taking our cue from politicians, political parties, ideologues, and even the news media, we turn a complex, multi-faceted issue into a grossly oversimplified single issue. We then either lionize of villify immigrants, which dehumanizes them.

For me, it is axiomatic that every immigrant, no matter from whence s/he hails, or how s/he came to be here, or their reason for coming, is a human being. As such, s/he is made in the image of God. Hence, every human being should be treated with dignity and respect at all times. In 2022, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops issued Catholic Elements of Immigration Reform. It is worth reading. I hope what I write below is in conformity with these elements.

It seems to me immigration has five distinct, not separate, but distinct facets:

First is the border. I'll be honest, I don't have a big problem with securing the southern border. Seeking to make the border very hard, if not impossible, to cross strikes me as a responsibility of a government faced with mass immigration. Also, once word gets out that crossing the border is a very risky proposition and that you'll likely be caught, detained, and returned to your country of origin, fewer people will put themselves at the mercy of coyotes and other criminal predators in an effort to come to the U.S.

We tend to underestimate the human cost of immigration prior to people reaching our southern border. It is important to treat detained persons with dignity and respect. It is paramount to keep families together. Parents, for the most part, will do a better job than anyone else keeping their children safe.

Recently, some U.S. cities and towns have been stretched to the breaking point trying to accommodate large numbers of immigrants. While this predictably became farcical during last year's presidential election, there are instances that show the truth of this: Denver, Colorado and, yes, Springfield, Ohio. No, I don't think domestic pets were being eaten with reckless abandon in the latter city. But the impact of an exceedingly large number of immigrants there created crisis conditions.

Secondly, what are the countries people are seeking to leave doing to improve conditions and opportunities for their people? After the stand-off and threatened trade war between Colombia (not "Columbia," as the White Press Office wrote it- see "White House Press Release Misspells Colombia, Sparks Row"), the Colombian president, Gustavo Petro, is now asking Colombians to leave the U.S., come home, and and "build social wealth in Colombia" (see "Colombia's president calls for migrants to leave jobs in the US and return home").

In a similar vein, during his 2016 visit to Mexico, Pope Francis, urged Mexican leaders to reform their country so as to create conditions for people to flourish. Speaking after a private meeting with Mexico's then-president, Enrique Pena Nieto, the Holy Father said:

Experience teaches us that each time we seek the path of privileges or benefits for a few to the detriment of the good of all, sooner or later the life of society becomes a fertile soil for corruption, drug trade, exclusion of different cultures, violence and also human trafficking, kidnapping and death, bringing suffering and slowing down development (see "Pope gives tough love to Mexico’s political, church elite")

The U.S. needs to play a role helping to foster better conditions in the countries people are leaving in droves. Why? Because historically we have contributed to the current political and economic conditions.

Third, there are genuine refugees. These are people who have legally applied for and been granted asylum in the United States. Oddly, it is caring for these people with the help of government grants, that Vice President Vance publicly went after Catholic bishops. Suffice it to say, government grants don't cover the entire cost of refugee services that Catholic community services across the nation provide. To wit: dioceses are not making "bank" off these efforts. Rather, these organizations are paying the difference between the cost of these services and the government grants. Also, Catholic entities are very efficient in doing this. Instead of criticism, praise is in order.

Fourth, I have no problem with ICE rounding up those who are known criminals either or both in their home country and here. Right now, deportation efforts are focused on specific people who are known criminals. Fellow immigrants are the main victims of these individuals and gangs. This is the crux of the effort right now. Throughout the Biden Administration, the U.S. was daily deporting people. This is not to ignore other Biden immigration policies that led to a massive backlash during last year's presidential election. During President Obama's time in office, deportations reached a peak (see "Obama is deporting more immigrants than any president in history: explained").

Finally, the issue I find most vexing and even frightening, as do many people, is the status of people who are already here and who have been here for years, even decades. These are people who work hard seeking to build a life for themselves and their families. Some of their children are citizens. They serve their communities, pay their taxes, and, apart from not having legal status, are law abiding. It seems to me that some allowance, some distinction, some accommodation should be made for these folks.

In a previous attempt at immigration reform during the George W. Bush administation, an idea to levy a fine on undocumented people who have been here for a long time was floated, along with then creating a path to legal status and perhaps, eventually, citizenship (see "Is Bush's plan for illegal immigrants 'practical,' or amnesty?"). This died because certain members of Congress were opposed to anything remotely smacking of what they called "amnesty." Of course, the path to citizenship for people who are here legally needs to be expedited. More resources are needed besides beefing up immigration enforcement.

The very inconsistent, uneven, and highly unpredictable nature of immigration enforcement helps no one and does not the serve the nation well. I think even the current administration, with its perceived mandate to get a grip on immigration, at some point will have to realize the vital role many immigrants play in the U.S. economy. The flip side of this recognition is then dealing with conditions that allow immigrants to be badly exploited.